Schools, Latex, And Safe Sex The Logic Behind Contraceptive

Schools, Latex, and Safe-Sex: The Logic behind Contraceptive Provision in Schools Many Americans have long and wrongfully assumed that the best approach to decrease teen pregnancy and spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is by committing students to an abstinence-only sex education. However, professionals have repeatedly revealed that while abstinence-only sex education programs have good intentions, they have shown both consistent and positive correlations with pregnancy and STDs. In contrast, research has indicated that high schools who offer comprehensive sex education and provide access to contraceptives, such as condoms, are extremely effective at preventing both teen pregnancies and STDs without increasing teen sexual activity. However, â€Å"condom availability programs remain relatively rare† (qtd. in Eisenberg 417). While I am aware that these comprehensive sex education and condom provision programs are unpopular amongst many people, I truly do believe that these programs have the potential to drastically drop teenage pregnancies and spr ead of STDs. Teenage pregnancy and disease have not only created a problem for the US in the past, but have also created a problem that the US still struggles with today. For example as early as 1988, â€Å"50% of female adolescents and 60% of male adolescents 15 to 19 years of age had engaged in sexual intercourse, more than 1 in 10 teenage girls was pregnant, and 1 in 6 sexually experienced teens had a sexually transmittedShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesconditions between different sorts of political regimes— communist, capitalist, colonial, and fascist. Particularly revealing are Spodek’s discussions of the influence of prominent urban planners and architects— including Le Corbusier and the Chicago School—urban preservation and the city as the locus of global cultural development, and the ways in which slums and shanty towns have morphed into long-term homes and viable communities for perhaps a majority of urban dwellers worldwide in the last half

New Ideas Into Writing about Myself Essay Samples Never Before Revealed

New Ideas Into Writing about Myself Essay Samples Never Before Revealed What About Writing about Myself Essay Samples? Essay writing is usually practiced is schools. Writing an essay is a vital role in academe life. Bear in mind, your private essay might be the truth, but it doesn't indicate you shouldn't consider it from a creative writing mindset. Some essential suggestions on how to compose an essay about yourself. A research writer needs to be able to consider coherently and logically. I'd like to be a freelance programmer. When you are requested to compose an essay, attempt to locate some samples (models) of similar writing and learn how to observe the craft of the writer. If you're to really gain from model essays, you will need to understand how to read the techniques of the writer'. Stephen's essay is rather effective. These seven sample essays respond to a selection of thought-provoking questions. Both law and company schools also often need several essays of their applicants, with questions that range from details about your private background to questions asking you to compose an essay exploring a controversial matter. The principal question of all students who must compose a reflective or private essay is whether it's possible to think of such sort of academic paper without sounding too egotistical. Today, there are numerous sources a student can depend on for an illustration of a personal essay. Please be aware that a few of these college essay examples might be responding to prompts that are no longer being used. New Questions About Writing about Myself Essay Samples Self introduction truly is a very hard endeavor. A self introduction essay is in the majority of cases written utilizing the very first person perspective. A self-introduction essay is, in most instances, written employing the first-person viewpoint. Proceed to the section with fantastic topic sugges tions to discover new and time-tested examples. Regarding academic writing, online sources have been shown to be of help to the majority of scholars on account of their easy accessibility and broad choices out there. When looking for a personal essay example, additionally it is recommended that you consider the conditions of use as outlined by different sources. Regardless of what's the goal of your essay, there's a preset number of points which you will be expected to tackle. One needs to think creatively to be able to break down a problem in the smaller and more manageable components. The Nuiances of Writing about Myself Essay Samples It is your opportunity to prove that high school or even college education is insufficient. Success to me is getting good marks and at the identical time creating a positive effect on the society. Classes in school come easy the majority of the time but I love history and previous events which lead to critically thinking every single day. You may also find a variety of discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. There are sources that can provide you sample essays to use directly from their websites while some give room for downloads so that you may use the example at your own moment. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. Otherwise, you could constitute a company name and modify the sort of business and geographic location, she states. Characteristics of Writing about Myself Essay Samples Do not become stuck with material possessions and what you've achieved in life. Ultimately, the detail of real speech makes the scene pop. My character is tough to describe.

Alternative Products Their Research Costs †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Alternative Products Their Research Costs? Answer: Introducation From the case study, it has been analysed that there are different accounts associated with the audit program. This audit mainly includes accounts receivable, current investments, property assets, intangible assets and research as well as development capitalisation. Account receivables are the amount which is received by the companies on delivery of goods or services to the customers. It is important for the companies to monitor their account receivables as decides the credit worthiness of the customers. The current assets which are accounted in the balance sheet of companies are defined by the current investments (Stewart and Shamdasani, 2014). The amount of net worth for the companies is calculated on the basis of present liabilities and assets and is decided by the proper assets. The assets which are not physical by nature are mainly comes under intangible assets. This mainly includes intellectual property like patents, copyrights, business methodologies or trademarks. The activit ies expenses which are required to improve or create process or products come under research development capitalisation. It is difficult to analyse the future expenses of assets comes under research development capitalisation. Accounts receivable can be analysed using days required for trade receivables. From 2017, it is analysed that company takes too much time to receive its money from the customers that is about 83.07 days while unaudited which is not a good sign for the company. However, company has taken fewer days to receive its amount in year 2016 and 2015 which is about 60.65 days and 53.24 respectively. Current investment is analysed using current ratio. From 2017 (unaudited), data, it is analysed that current ratio of company is about 1.80 which is better that the previous years that is 2015 and 2016 which indicates that company is able to manage its short term obligations but creates issue to manage their working capital (Fung, 2014). Property assets can be analysed using net profit margin ratio. On comparing ratio for all three years, it is analysed that net profit margin for the company has been significantly reduced for the company which indicates that the company is not able to generate esti mated sales and has affected its overall profits. In addition, return on equity ratio has been significantly reduced in 2017 as compared with past two years that is 2015 and 2016. This has comes about 7.19% which indicates that accounts receivable for the company has been decreasing. The company has also observed downfall in its return on total assets as compared with past two years that has also affected the account receivable for the company. It has also been analysed that gross profits has been significantly increased in present year that is 2017 as compared with 2015 and 2015 whereas, net profits has been decreased in the same duration which is not a good sign for the company (Power and Gendron, 2015). The liability of company has also been increased as it has borrowed about $5 million from bankers. It is also analysed from the case study that the tangible property market value for the company has been declined which indicates that company needs not to invest more on property assets as will affect vale for the existed property a ssets of the company. From the case study, it has been analysed that there are so many possibilities for the audit risk in the present scenario. The errors or invalid values within the financial statements of the company or data misrepresentation by the management may also create lots of audit risk for the auditor. The manager of accounts can also misguide the auditor by increasing the capital for the accounts receivables within the balance sheet in order to indicate more earnings (Zadek et al, 2013). It is also analysed from case study that company has approximately borrowed $5 million from bankers which is represent high value of liability that can be used by the company to impress their auditor by decreasing borrowing amount from the balance sheet and wrongly guide the auditor by hiding true financial position of the company within the marketplace. It has been analysed that property value for the company is reduced in 2017 and in that case if manager tries to enhance property va lue will surely raise audit risk for the company in terms of property assets. Audit steps to reduce risk: There are different steps which can be taken in order to reduce overall audit risks for the company by the auditors. This mainly includes, Use of software for audits: It is evident that there are more chances for errors within the auditing while done in the manual manner. In order to avoid audit risks, software can be used by the auditors as they are more feasible and reliable than the manual process (Dennis, 2015). Audit software certainly enhances operational efficiency of the auditors as facilitates automatic calculations where auditor is just requires to insert appropriate data and will able to track all the financial transactions happened in the company in more effective manner. Avoid rounding of numbers: The auditor needs to use the exact value or number during the auditing process. The auditor needs to avoid usage of rounded numbers or figures as will eventually enhance mores chances for audit risks. Accurate information of tax returns: The auditor needs to prepare their report on the basis of reports associated with the tax returns made by the companies (Dennis, 2015). This will surely help the auditors to reduce overall risks within the audits. Business risks: From the case study, it is analysed that company is prone to several business risks which mainly includes, Alternative products and their research costs: It is analysed that the company has conducted research for developing new device for laser surgery in 2016 and for that has borrowed about $5 million from bankers. But in 2017, its one of competitor has developed similar type of device and has also applied for its patent (Barton and Bruder, 2014). This was a huge setback for the company as it will not able to develop that device and will also face huge financial losses as invested huge money in order to develop the device. In addition, the company may also face huge challenge in case bankers will demand for repayment on immediate basis. Reduction in value of property assets: It has been analysed from case study that value for property assets of company has been significantly reduced in 2017 which will certainly affect overall business operations of the company for remaining of the year. Due to reduce value for the property, overall revenues for the company will be decreased and that will surely affect overall investments of the company which is a major business risk for any company. Strategic Risk: The companies which are performing their business operations with help of other companies are more prone to the strategic risks. Due to this, if desires or preferences of the customers may be changed will surely affect the business efficiency of the companies like GSPA in the present case (William et al, 2016). As the company is indulged in various activities like distribution for the medical equipments, investment within the property market, etc, then there will be more chances for the strategic risks for the business operations. Changes in technology: From the case study, it is analysed that the company is dedicated to develop new infrastructure of IT for its business operations. This step will surely enhance operational efficiency of the company but will create major challenge for the company to accomplish required skilled IT workforce to handle new systems (Knechel and Salterio, 2016). GPSA will not able to control its IT infrastructure with its existed employees and in order to accomplish that target, the company will require adequate IT training for the employees or needs to recruit new employees who are efficient enough to deal with the latest IT systems. Effective control is the process which assures effectiveness for business operations using internal auditing in order to effectively accomplish business objectives. Financial controller for the company is working towards internal control for business operations by implementation of new policies for control. The staff will be awarded with bonus on achieving their targets as decided by the company and this policy will help to enhance overall efficiency for the company which in result will also enhance profitability for the company (Furnham and Gunter, 2015). The company has also developed new infrastructure for IT system and also able to resolve its implementation problems with effective control system. This new system will help the company to manage their financial data in more accurate manner and also enable them to enhance their production level. From the case study, it is analysed that company has adopted several polices for controlling the audit risks. GPSA will award bonuses to their employees on achieving their targets as decided by the management. This strategy will surely motivates employee to enhance their performance level which tends to enhance overall sales for the company that will certainly beneficial for overall growth for business operations of the company (Louwers et al, 2015). In addition, the company has also introduced new IT system which surely helps the company to make automated calculations and more feasible financial statements for the company. This control strategy will reduce possibility for manual errors within the financial data and at the same time, also ensure privacy or confidentiality for financial data. This will also provide more accurate and reliable results and enable the management to take more adequate financial decisions. The audit procedure used by the auditors for testing effectiveness for control policies and also used by clients for detecting or monitoring possible risks is defined as test of control in audits. The company will give bonuses to employees on completion of their targets but this will not make sure that all employees will able to achieve their targets (Beasley, 2015). In addition, IT system developed by the company will not be more reliable or feasible for users in case not able to use it effectively. It will also create more risk for database as company has decided that there will be no requirement for the passwords in order to access or retrieve the data. Inadequate documentation: Documents are considered as vital factor for the business transactions of the company. The documents need to be accurately arranged or numbers in order to ensure business transactions are accurate or not (Louwers et al, 2015). The accountant will not able to describe sales or trade receivables if documents are not maintained in proper manner. Work duplication: There is more possibility of errors in case a single person is assigned with several tasks. The data can be recorded multiple times and will raise problems for auditor to effectively describe sales or trade receivables of the company. Approval from managers: This is the key factor which needs to be considered during the internal control for the sales as well as trade receivables (Furnham and Gunter, 2015). It should be mandatory that all cash transactions will not be performed without the approval of managers or top management of the company otherwise create more problems to control sales receivables. Hiring of ethical employee: If the company will recruit unethical employee then it will surely hamper overall business performance which will be major challenge for the company (Beasley, 2015). So, company needs to hire employee with immense dedication and have a character to perform as per organizational objectives. Unskilled accountants: If company will not recruit skilled employee to review different receivables then, it will be a big issue for internal control of trade or sales receivables. References: Barton, H. and Bruder, N. (2014) A guide to local environmental auditing.UK: Routledge. Beasley, M. (2015) Auditing cases: An interactive learning approach. USA: Prentice Hall. Dennis, I. (2015) Auditing Theory.UK: Routledge. Fung, S. (2014) Hong Kong Auditing: Economic Theory Practice. HK: City University of HK Press. Furnham, A. and Gunter, B. (2015) Corporate Assessment (Routledge Revivals): Auditing a Company's Personality.UK: Routledge. Knechel, W. and Salterio, S. (2016) Auditing: Assurance and risk. UK: Taylor Francis. Louwers, T., Ramsay, R., Sinason, D., Strawser, J. and Thibodeau, J. (2015) Auditing assurance services.UK: McGraw-Hill Education. Power, M. and Gendron, Y. (2015) Qualitative research in auditing: A methodological roadmap. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 34(2), pp.147-165. Stewart, D. and Shamdasani, P. (2014) Focus groups: Theory and practice (Vol. 20).USA: Sage publications. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D. (2016) Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach.UK: McGraw-Hill Education. Zadek, S., Evans, R. and Pruzan, P. (2013) Building corporate accountability: Emerging practice in social and ethical accounting and auditing.UK: Routledge.

Movie Review Essays - NervaAntonine Dynasty,

Movie Review Movie Review Gladiator is a movie about ancient Rome that released at May of this year. There are four major characters in this movie, which are Russell Crowe, Joaquin Phoenix, Richard Harris and Djimon Hounsou. This movie is directed by Ridley Scott. Since it contains violent materials, it is rated R and is restricted to minor audience. The total running time of this movie is 150 minutes. The great Roman general Maximus ( Russell Crowe ) has once again led the legions to victory on the battlefield. The war won, Maximus dreams of home, wanting only to return to his wife and son. However, the dying emperor Marcus Aurelius ( Richard Harris ) has one more duty for the general to assume the mantle of his power. Jealous of Maximusi favor with the emperor, the heir to the throne, Commodus ( Joaquin Phoenix ), orders his execution and that of his family. Barely escaping death, Maximus is forced into slavery and trained as a gladiator in the arena where his fame grows. Now he has came to Rome, intents on avenging the murder of his wife and son by killing the new emperor Commodus. Maximus has learned that the one power stronger than that of the emperor is the will of the people. He also knows that he can only attain his revenge by becoming the greatest hero in the empire. Maximus ( Russell Crowe ) plays an important role in the movie. He shows his bravery and intelligence from the beginning to the end. After the new emperor finds out Maximus real identity, he orders an execution to Maximus. However, Maximus' fellows help him to escape from death by sacrificing themselves. It shows that there is a good relationship between Maximus and other gladiators. Even though they haven't known each other for a long time, they respect Maximus and acknowledge his importance to Rome. Hence, they choose to save Maximus's life even though they would be killed. At the beginning of the movie, Maximus has once again wins the victory of the battle. It shows his great ability and bravery on a battlefield. After he becomes a gladiator, he establishes a good relationship with other gladiators. He teaches them the right way to fight and saves their lives over and over. He sees the difference between soldiers and gladiators. During the fights, he realizes a gladiator doesn't deserve anything but to entertain people and to die. Even though he misses his wife and son, he notices he can't die until he avenges. From these scenes, I can see the cruelty and horror of people. People are very selfish; they don't care about others but themselves. Meanwhile, people rather sacrifice others to satisfy their desires. Based on the historical background and scenarios, this movie is authentic to me. It teaches me a new lesson, which is to aware people that are around me. From now on, I wouldn't judge people on their appearances; I would judge people on their personalities instead. There are certain techniques in the movie that I especially admire. The jumbo-size epic, which called for 2,500 specially designed weapons, 500 gladiator tunics, 30,000 mud bricks, and the burning of an entire English forest. Besides these techniques, it takes place in four different countries before the film is finished. Furthermore, the fights that appear in this movie are very authentic with the special affects. Since I am a fan of ancient history, I think this is a great opportunity for me to visualize the Roman Empire. I can see the structure of Roman government, and the attraction of power within the loyalty. It also analyzes people's personalities in different ways, which include kindness, intelligence, bravery, selfish and horror, etc. This movie is debuted at number one after it is released. It earns a thumbs-up estimated $32.7 million, filling seats at all arenas with an $11, 130 average on 2, 938 screens. Based on these numbers, it is unique compare to other films. Theater

Countries With Negative Population Growth

Countries With Negative Population Growth Data from the Population Reference Bureau showed in 2006 that there were 20 countries in the world with negative or zero natural population growth expected between 2006 and 2050.   What Does Negative Natural Population Growth Mean? This negative or zero natural population growth means that these countries have more deaths than births or an even number of deaths and births; this figure does not include the effects  of immigration or emigration. Even including immigration over emigration, only one of the 20 countries (Austria) was expected to grow between 2006 and 2050, though the rush of emigration from wars in the Middle East (especially Syrias civil war) and Africa in the mid-2010s could revise those expectations. The Highest Decreases The country with the highest decrease in the natural birthrate was  Ukraine, with a natural decrease of 0.8 percent  each year. Ukraine was expected to lose 28 percent  of its  population between 2006 and 2050 (from 46.8 million to 33.4 million in 2050). Russia and Belarus followed close behind at a 0.6 percent  natural decrease, and Russia was expected to lose 22 percent  of its population by 2050, which would be a loss of more than 30 million people (from 142.3 million in 2006 to 110.3 million in 2050). Japan was the only non-European country in the list, though China joined it after the list was released and had a lower-than-replacement birthrate in the mid-2010s.  Japan has a 0 percent natural birth increase and was expected to lose 21 percent  of its population between 2006 and 2050 (shrinking from 127.8 million to a mere 100.6 million in 2050).   A List of Countries With Negative Natural Increase Heres the list of the countries that were expected to have a negative natural increase or zero increase in population between 2006 and 2050. Ukraine: 0.8% natural decrease annually; 28% total population decrease by 2050Russia: -0.6%; -22%Belarus: -0.6%; -12%Bulgaria: -0.5%; -34%Latvia: -0.5%; -23%Lithuania: -0.4%; -15%Hungary: -0.3%; -11%Romania: -0.2%; -29%Estonia: -0.2%; -23%Moldova: -0.2%; -21%Croatia: -0.2%; -14%Germany: -0.2%; -9%Czech Republic: -0.1%; -8%Japan: 0%; -21%Poland: 0%; -17%Slovakia: 0%; -12%Austria: 0%; 8% increaseItaly: 0%; -5%Slovenia: 0%; -5%Greece: 0%; -4% In 2017, the Population Reference Bureau released a fact sheet showing that the top five countries expected to lose population between then and 2050 were:China: -44.3%Japan: -24.8%Ukraine: -8.8%Poland: -5.8%Romania: -5.7%Thailand: -3.5%Italy: -3%South Korea: -2.2%

Separate Pigments Using Chalk Chromatography

Separate Pigments Using Chalk Chromatography Chromatography is a technique used to separate components of a mixture. There are many different types of chromatography. While some forms of chromatography require expensive lab equipment, others can be performed using common household materials. For example, you can use chalk and alcohol to perform chromatography to separate the pigments in food colorings or inks. Its a safe project and also a very quick project, since you can see bands of color forming within minutes. After youve finished making your chromatogram, youll have colored chalk. Unless you use a lot of ink or dye, the chalk wont be colored all the way through, but it will still have an interesting appearance. Chalk Chromatography Materials chalkalcohol (isopropyl alcohol or rubbing alcohol seems to work best)ink, dye, or food coloringsmall jar or cupplastic wrap Apply your ink, dye or food coloring to a piece of chalk about 1 cm from the end of the chalk. You can place a dot of color or stripe a band of color all the way around the chalk. If you are mainly interested in getting bands of pretty colors rather than separating individual pigments in the dye, then feel free to dot multiple colors, all in the same place.Pour enough rubbing alcohol into the bottom of a jar or cup so that the liquid level is about half a centimeter. You want the liquid level to be below the dot or line on your piece of chalk.Place the chalk in the cup so that the dot or line is about half a centimeter higher than the liquid line.Seal the jar or put a piece of plastic wrap over the cup to prevent evaporation. You can probably get away with not covering the container.You should be able to observe the color rising up the chalk within a few minutes. You can remove the chalk whenever you are satisfied with your chromatogram.Let the chalk dry before using it for writing. Heres a video of the project, so you can see what to expect.

Understanding Cross-Cultural Issues in the Contemporary World Essay

Understanding Cross-Cultural Issues in the Contemporary World - Essay Example Today, we have multinational companies that operate across different continents and regions of the world thanks to the concept of globalization. Yet, every community or society has its own unique culture. It is interesting to know how the cultural differences play out in this global village context. Globalization has intensified cultural interaction, leading to emergence of multi-cultural societies (Liu, 2012: 94-95). Culture is a strong element that influences the behaviors, perceptions, and attitudes of a community. Based on this understanding, it is important to establish how these cultural influences play out when people from one culture interact with those from a different culture. This forms the basis of this study. The study purposes to investigate the integration of Korean culture in the UK culture. This study will be relevant to understanding cross-cultural issues in the contemporary world because it focuses on a real cross-cultural integration. 1. How do Koreans perceive UK culture? This research question will focus on the perceptions that Koreans have when they interact with UK citizens in the UK. The main objective of this research question will be to highlight the cultural disparities and or similarities between Koreans and British citizens. 2. How do Koreans react to the cultural disparities or similarities when they come to the UK? This research question focuses on the reaction of Koreans when they come to the UK. The main objective of the research question is to identify specific responses, whether cultural assimilation or isolation, of Koreans in the UK. It will also highlight the aspect of cultural dominance. Culture can be defined as the unique shared characteristics of a group that differentiates it from other groups (McLaurin, 2006: 9; Herzog & Leker, 2011: 58; Moore, 2004: 5). Therefore, different communities can be identified by their unique cultures. In identifying a group’s

The Recent Referendum for Electoral Reform in the United Kingdom Essay

The Recent Referendum for Electoral Reform in the United Kingdom - Essay Example The differences get critically ionized out and explicated in this analysis. This research focuses on ideas and opinions of both the public and the political analysts. The research focuses on analyzing the ideas, opinions and facts that lead to the choosing of FPTP over AV. The research tries to expose the hassle between the anti-AV and the pro-AV. The anti-AV’s support the current referendum, First-Past-The-Post, a system that allows a small voters’ number to do the elections. They claim that the current referendum stabilizes the government and reflects the peoples will at all time. The anti-AV and the pro-AV seem to disagree on elections done by a small number of voters. The anti-AV also complains on the complexity of the Alternative Vote referendum. The origin of the problem is the peoples need to make the voting process more democratic by handing over the voting power to the whole citizens rather than to the small representative group. Their argument is that lots of votes get wasted under the current system. This system allows a small representative group of individuals to vote thus discouraging people from voting. The major weakness this first-past-the-post system, they say, is the fact that two out of three of the MPs get elected into the Westminster while having less than half of the voters’ votes and this challenges democracy and decreases the authenticity of MPs. They claim that this system forces citizens to work harder for their votes and access a larger electorate crosssection. Weaknesses of the approach Substantial information gets sought from the public. This is a weakness because the media receives an enormous power over information, which is likely to be distorted. Voters develop the notion that the candidate receiving the highest media attention is the ones likely to win the election. A candidate new to the politics game, lacking a track record, initially tends to got support from the majority voters, eventually ceases to be one of the two popular candidates; thus receiving fewer votes, portraying them as a lower poller for the future elections, perpetuating the situation. Strengths of the approach The approach exhausts all the possible information sources. This allows for quality analysis because the information acquired is from different sources enhancing reliability. It provides the public with reliable information because the information put forward after the research has been critically analyzed and evaluated. Importance of the research approach This research approach provides information to the public and other interested parties while it enlightens them on issues concerning the AV and FTPT. Analysis of the case study It can be argued that in FTPT it is impossible to determine why a certain vote got cast, compared to the AV system. This is because the system allows casting of votes for any person even those who have no chance of winning. In this case, the people feel votes casted for other insign ificant runners have no justification and no explanation. Another argument over the FTPT is that it promotes the statement, â€Å"all votes, not for the primary candidate or the secondary favorite candidate, are votes for the primary candidateâ€Å". It simply implies that when a vote is cast for a candidate other than the two principal contenders, the vote promotes the primary candidate. Since the primary candi

Designing a system for an IT user Essay Example for Free

Designing a system for an IT user Essay John would need at least a 4GB RAM as that will provide john with a lot of temporary memory to make his computer faster. Task 2- Storage Devices Item Description Why Required? Hard Disk It stores data, all data is stored on the hard disc. The hard disk is the main storage device on a computer it is needed for storing everything from pictures to software. The data is stored in this magnetic material. Thus, the hard disk is known as a magnetic storage device. He needs to save all his music, movies, work and other files. Everything he does needs to be saved on the hard disk so he needs. He needs a hard disk that comes with his computer to have a lot of memory preferably more than 500GB, so it is unlikely for him to need more memory. Flash Memory A flash memory, also known as a USB, stores memory which can be transferred from one computer to another computer. They are usually lightweight and easy to use. He needs a USB to transfer his work from his computer to another computer so he can also edit his work when he is studying on another computer. John can save a lot of work on a Flash Memory because they can be up to 64GB. CDs and DVDs CDs and DVDs are used to store audio or video files which can be played in a compatible CD or DVD player. A single sided DVD can store about 4. 7Gb of data. DVDs which store data on both sides can hold over 9Gb of data. He could use DVDs or CDs to store his music or the homemade movies that he makes. They are small, portable and are very easy to use but Johns computer will need a disk reader which usually comes with the computer. Task 3- Software Requirements Item Description Why required? Windows 7 It is the latest edition of windows operating systems. It has more features than windows vista such as improved booting times. It also has pre-installed programs such as windows movie maker, windows photo gallery and other programs. Windows 7 is quick and easy to use. He can also save files that can be compatible with other operating systems. I think that this will be the most useful operating system because most programs are compatible with windows and this is the latest edition of windows. Other operating systems like Apple (Mac) are much more expensive and not all programs are compatible with an Apple Mac and a Linux. Microsoft Office Professional 2007 It is cheap (i80 minimum price), Microsoft office 2010 is not a lot different but is i 430. Although this isnt the latest edition of Microsoft office, it isnt much different from the new 2010 edition and the 2007 edition is much cheaper. Microsoft office professional is one of the easiest software applications that can be used and it is very powerful which enables John to do many tasks at one using many different features such as word art. Although Microsoft office doesnt have as much creativity skills as other software, such as Adobe Photoshop, it still has many other features such as creating publications and presentations. Word : Excel : PowerPoint : Outlook : Publisher: Microsoft Word is easy to use and can also be saved in different formats. The 2007 version of word is compatible with word 2003, which he uses at college. Word also gives options of different layouts and different templates. It features calculation, graphing tools and many features what can be used in a spreadsheet. Excel is extremely useful as it can do anything a calculator can do and plot it into graphs and tables. Excel isnt all calculations; it also has some design features, for example colourful tables, graphs, text and table templates. PowerPoint can be used to make slideshow presentations which are easy to use. PowerPoint has custom animations which can be used on text, picture and slides. PowerPoint also gives templates which can make the presentation look of high standard as the templates have a colour scheme which makes a presentation look professional. Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager from Microsoft, available both as a separate application as well as a part of the Microsoft Office suite. This is a publishing program which is easy to use, has many templates and produces good quality documents. Publisher is very powerful and easy to use. It lays out work for anyone who wants to produce work. To use publisher a custom layout doesnt have to be designed which makes work much quicker. Other publication software is not as fast as publisher. He needs word to help him with his A-levels and he uses Microsoft office at college so he is used to it. He can also use word to create flyers and other documents for his participation at the local conservative. Word can be used to create documents, letters, flyers and general editing. Word has many simple features which will make Johns work look good. He will use excel to make spreadsheets as he could be using this for his ICT A-level. Word is a very cleaver, powerful application as it can solve equations deal with difficult numbers and plot them into graphs. He can also use excel to plot tables for general use, for example how many leaflets he has printed for his local conservative party and how much were the printing costs. He could use PowerPoint to help him with his ICT A-level and because John is used to using Words at his college. He can also use PowerPoint to make presentations in his other a-levels, for general use and to give presentations about the local conservative party. He needs outlook to view his emails and easily manage everything. John can send and receive emails quickly using outlook. He can also use outlook to attach files, e. g. take work from college and back it up on home computer by sending files through an email. He needs publisher to produce flyers, leaflets and other documents he has Microsoft office 2003 so it is compatible with Microsoft 2007. He can also use publisher to produce letters that he can send and use generally. Publisher has many templates for example letters, flyers and business cards and they come in different sizes (A4, A5 and more). Access : Microsoft access is a program which allows you to make tables and search information in a database. If formulas are not needed it is better to use access than excel because it is easy to navigate to an area of data out of a database. He is likely to use this in his ICT A-level so when he does his work at college, he can finish it off at home. John can also use access to create tables about the amount of leaflets he has made. He can also use a database to record everything that goes on during the conservative party meetings. Adobe Photoshop Elements Adobe Photoshop is editing software used to edit pictures. It is also cheap. Adobe Photoshop elements might not be able to produce finalized documents like word or publisher but it can create stunning design picture, text and other shapes. He could use adobe Photoshop to edit his picture or graphics in Art/Design level. He also likes photography and he will be able to edit his pictures. To produce quality leaflets for his local conservative party John can create shapes and a design scheme in adobe Photoshop and bring it into word so he can add text and finalize his document. Adobe Premiere Elements Adobe Premiere Elements is a video editing software application for nonlinear video editing, published by Adobe Systems. It is a scaled-down version of the professional-level Adobe Premiere Pro. Adobe premiere elements have features which can edit each individual time frame. John likes making and editing home made movies and adobe premiere is a professional movie making software. An alternative video editing software is windows movie maker which comes free with windows 7, but windows movie maker doesnt have as much editing features because it is free and John will usually get more for something he pays for. Task 3 -Software Requirements Item Description Why Required? Reason Reason is a music making program which allows you do add and edit different sounds. Reason is a professional music making software which allows someone to edit music or sounds, just like professionals e. g. DJs. In Johns free time he likes making his own music so reason would be a good program for him to use. John can create a remix of other people music tracks or he can create his own music. He can also go back and edit every time frame of his music track. Microsoft German Language Pack Microsoft German language pack converts any language to German. It can even convert an internet page to German language. He studies German for his A-levels. John can use the German language pack to help him convert English to German if he needs help with his work. /he can also use the German language pack to convert all of his settings to German language so he can get used to reading German. Windows Live Messenger. Msn messenger is a free messenger which is easy to use and is used by many people. John can also use windows live messenger on his mobile so he can talk to a contact even when he isnt at his compute. It is very easy to use and he can add any contacts and make video/voice/text chats to them. John needs to talk to his friends and family. He also likes to make video calls. Windows live messenger is free and can be used just to write messages to a friend or family and John can also send happy or sad emotions to a contact he can also attach and send files to somebody in his contact list.

Money :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Money GET $40,000 WITH ONLY 6 BUCKS!!! THIS IS NOT A SCAM!!! Original post: GET $40,000 WITH ONLY 6 BUCKS!!! THIS IS NOT A SCAM!!! A while back, I was browsing these newsgroups, just like you are now, and came across an article similar to this that said you could make thousands of CASH within weeks with only an initial investment of $6.00 plus stamps! So I thought, "Yeah, right, this must be a scam!" But like most of us I was curious and kept reading. It said that if you send $1.00 to each of the 6 names and addresses listed in the article, you could make thousands in a very short period of time. You then place your own name and address at the bottom of the list at #6, and post the article to at least 300 newsgroups. (There are about 32,000 of them out there and that's quite a large market pool). No catch, that was it. Even though the investment was a measly $6, I had three questions that needed to be answered before I could get involved in this sort of thing. 1. IS THIS REALLY LEGAL? I called a lawyer first. The lawyer was a little sceptical that I would actually make any CASH but he said it WAS LEGAL if I wanted to try it. I told him it sounded a lot like a chain letter but the details of the system (SEE BELOW) actually made it a legitimate legal business. 2. IS OK WITH THE POST OFFICE OR IS IT MAIL FRAUD? I called them: 1-800-725-2161 and they confirmed THIS IS ABSOLUTELY LEGAL! (See 18, h sections1302 NS 1341 of Postal Lottery Laws). This clarifies the program of collecting names and addresses for a mailing list. 3. IS IT RIGHT? Well, everyone who sends me a buck has a good chance of getting A LOT of CASH ... a much better chance than buying a lottery ticket!!! So, having these questions answered, I invested EXACTLY $7.92 ... six $1.00 bills and six 32 cent postage stamps ... and boy am I glad I did!!! Within 7 days, I started getting CASH in the mail! I was shocked! I figured it would end soon and didn't give it another thought. But the CASH continued coming in. In my first week I made between $20 to $30. By the end of the second week I had a made a total of $1,000.

Johannine Literature Essay

Five books in the New Testament are said to have been written by John. But there are arguments that say that not all three letters of John were written by the same author. It is so because the word Church (Ecclesia) does not appear in the forth Gospel and in 1 and 2 John. Another challenge to the Johannine ecclesiology is offered marked opposition to outsiders, whether to the world, Jews, Christians. Has the association of Johhanine Christians become a sect? Meaning a religious group that broke away from an established larger religion. Scroggs argues that the whole early Christian movement was sectarian for it met the following characteristics of a sect. Sect seeks to restore traditional beliefs and practices in doing so rejects many of societies values but not in a threatening manner. 1,It emerged out of an agrarian protest movement 2,It rejected many of the realities claimed by the establishment of wealth, of religious institutions of theological intellectuals. 3,It was egalitarian 4,It offered special love and acceptance within 5,It was a voluntary organization 6,It demanded total commitment of its members 7,It was apocalyptic. With this understanding of sect, the Christian community known to us through the forth Gospel and Johannine Epistles was a sect as part of the larger Christian sectarian movement. Relationship with the letters Style, tone, thought indicates that they are from the same author. A,Intimacy with God and sinlessness. B,Keeping the commandment. C,Brotherly love D, Eschatology 1,Concept of sin. Sin plays an important part in the teaching of Jesus in John’s Gospel. The approach of sin is slightly different from the synoptic eg John 1:29 . 1 Jn1:5, sin is also linked with ignorance of God. Sin as alienation from God 5:24 Sin as unbelief 15: 22-24 Sin as ignorance Sin as mortal 3:16, 1Jn 2:25 Sin as universal 1Jn 1:8, 2:16 Sin as lawlessness 2,Humanity of Jesus, Jn 1:14 The word became fresh, 1 Jn 1:1, heard seen touched of the word. 3,Sinlessness of Jesus, 8:44,48, 1Jn3:5 1Jn 2:1 Jesus the righteous 4,Messia,1:41, 11:27 confession of Martha. 5,Lord, Johhannine does not use the word much until after the resurrection. 6, Son of God, His main purpose is that his readers may believe Jesus as son of God, sent by the Father, Love of the father to the son, Dependance of the son to the Father, Exclusive revelation of the father ( He alone has seen the Father 6:24). 7,Jesus as the Logos: This is different from the synoptic. John emphasizes that Jesus was the word The word is the image of God The word as God’s first born In the gospel John does not discus the Virgin Birth, there are no references to this, no birth narratives. In the place of the birth narratives he includes a prologue which focuses on the incarnation of the Logos. Origin of Johannine community Despite the diversity of the community there are significant agreement on at least two stages in the Johannine development. Early period the community consisted of Jews whose belief in Jesus involved a relatively low Christology . Later appeared high Christology which brought Johns community into sharp conflict with the jews who regarded this as blasphemy. This caused friction. Issues between the followers of John Baptist and Johhannine community, issues of the beloved disciple who the fourth gospels makes him the hero in the community, distress in the community over this beloved disciple. It made the community distinct because the claim to posses the witness of the beloved disciple enabled them to efend their peculiar insight in Christology and ecclesiology. High Christology: Significantly cleansing of the Temple is placed at the beginning and only starts with hostility. John starts where others finish with. Jesus passes over Samaria and wins the whole village to believe that he was the saviour of the world. According to Acts 8:1-25,It is indicated that it was years after resurrection of Jesus that Christianity was brought to Samaria by Hellenist preacher Phillip. The followers of John the Baptist had conflicts with the Samaritan followers after their conversion, they were rejected by the Jews.

Introduction to Italian High Renaissance Neoplatonism

Renaissance Humanism was the most significant intellectual movement of the Renaissance. It was beginning in Italy and spreading to the rest of Europe such as Hungary, Poland by the 16th century. It blended concern for the history and actions of human beings with religious concerns. The humanists were scholars and artists who studied subjects that they believed would help them better understand the problems of humanity. Its influence affected philosophy, politics, science, art, religion, literature and other aspects of intellectual inquiry.The central feature of humanism in this period was the commitment to the idea that the ancient would was the pinnacle of human achievement, especially intellectual achievement, and should be taken as a model by coexistent Europeans. At 15th Century, more detailed observation of man himself and of nature followed in the 15th century with the growth of interest in anatomy, perspective, details of nature, landscape backgrounds, and form and color in li ght. Paintings of the 15th century also reflect the growing curiosity about man’s achievement in Italy’s past.It is this preoccupation with and study of Classic culture and art that gave the Renaissance in Italy its particular character. Humanism asserted the right of the individual to the use of his own rason and belief, and stressed the importance and potential of man as an individual. This concept cana be identified with a belief in the power of learning and science to produce â€Å"the complete man†. At 16th Century, christianity was added to platonic ideal: Neo- platonism.Neo-Platonism in the Renaissance was the philosophy based on the teachings and doctrines of a group of thinkers of the early Christian era who endeavored to reconcile the teachings of Plato with Christian concepts. It a reconciliation of Aristotelian and Platonic ideas with Christian beliefs. The Neo-Platonists, being at the same time both lovers of the pagan past with its Platonic ideals of physical beauty, and being Christians, wanted to fuse this pagan idealism with Christian doctrine.The art and taste during the Renaissance for complicated mythological fantasies intermingled with allegories and symbolisms tried to achieve this fusion of the Platonic idealism with Christian doctrine. The main object of the Neo-Platonic Academy in Florence in the 15th century was the reconciliation of the spirit of antiquity with that of Chrisianity. Neo-Platonism, this philosophy was seen as the ideal balance between the Christian faith and the fresh humanistic concept of man’s advancement through the search for knowledge.This was due to the fact that contemplation of the spiritual rather than the physicala was believed to be the route to both Christian and Neo-Platonic salvation. Many famous renaissance artists were influenced by this philosophy and their artworks demonstrated Neo- Platonic concepts such as the synthesis of classical and Christian ideals, the idealistic po rtrayal of beauty, and the soul’s struggle from physical existence to divine perfection.

The Roman Relationship Between Patron and Client

The Roman Relationship Between Patron and Client The people of ancient Rome were divided into two classes: wealthy, aristocratic patricians and poorer commoners called plebians. Patricians, or upper-class Romans, were patrons to plebian clients. The patrons provided many types of support to their clients who, in turn, rendered services and loyalty to their patrons. The number of clients and sometimes the status of clients conferred prestige on the patron. The client owed his vote to the patron. The patron protected the client and his family, gave legal advice, and helped the clients financially or in other ways. This system was, according to the historian Livy, created by Romes (possibly mythical) founder, Romulus. Rules of Patronage Patronage was not just a matter of picking out an individual and giving him money to support himself. Instead, there were formal rules pertaining to patronage. While the rules did change over the years, the following examples provide an idea of how the system worked: A patron could have a patron of his own; therefore, a client, could have his own clients, but when two high-status Romans had a relationship of mutual benefit, they were likely to choose the label amicus (friend) to describe the relationship since amicus did not imply stratification.Some clients were members of the plebian class but had never been slaves. Others were freed slaves. While freeborn plebes could choose or change their patron, freed slaves called liberti or freedmen automatically became clients of their former owners and were obligated to work for them in some capacity.Each morning at dawn, clients were required to greet their patrons with a greeting called the salutatio. This greeting could also be accompanied by requests for help or favors. As a result, clients were sometimes called salutatores.Clients were expected to support their patrons in all matters, personal and political. As a result, it was possible for a wealthier patron to count on the votes of his many clien ts. Meanwhile, however, patrons were expected to provide a range of goods and services including food (which was often traded for cash) and legal counsel. There was also patronage in the arts where a patron provided the wherewithal to allow the artist to create in comfort. The work of art or book would be dedicated to the patron. Outcomes of the Patronage System The idea of client/patron relationships had significant implications for the later Roman Empire and even medieval society. As Rome expanded throughout the Republic and Empire, it took over smaller states which had its own customs and rules of law. Rather than attempting to remove the states leaders and governments and replace them with Roman rulers, Rome created client states. Leaders of these states were less powerful than Roman leaders and were required to turn to Rome as their patron state. The concept of clients and patrons lived on in the Middle Ages. Rulers of small city/states acted as patrons to poorer serfs. The serfs claimed protection and support from the upper classes who, in turn, required their serfs to produce food, provide services, and act as loyal supporters.

Writing a Research Paper MLA

Writing a Research Paper MLA Writing a Research Paper MLA Writing a Research Paper MLA: Things to Remember While writing a research paper you should pay attention to all the aspects, among other things to the design as well. Moreover, the proper design of your paper gives you additional points. So, lets consider some information concerning writing a research paper MLA style that will be helpful for you. It should be mentioned that MLA style is used in writing research papers in arts and humanities. Writing a research paper MLA format supposes the number of requirements that must be fulfilled while dealing with it. Lets name the main of them12-point Times New Roman font 1-inch margins at all sides half an inch-indented paragraphs double-spaced text As for page numbers they should be typed in the upper right-hand corner of each page, half an inch from the top and an inch from the right-hand edge (the first page should be numbered as well). Remember: your last name should be stated before each page number! Writing a research paper MLA: the first page A peculiar feature of writing a research paper MLA is the absence of the title page. The point is that you should type your name, your tutors name, the course and the date in four lines in the upper left-hand corner of the page. Do not forget that the text should double-space. Put the title of your research paper in the centre of the next line. It should not be italicized, underlined or put in quotation marks. Use the standard capitalization (do not write the title in all capital letters). The title should not end with a period; but you may use a question mark or an exclamation mark if it is necessary. Then start typing the text of your research paper from the next line of the same page (do not forget about double space!). Writing a research paper MLA: the system of headlines Writing a research paper MLA means also the usage of headings of several levels. They are 5 in the MLA style:Left-aligned, boldface headings Left-aligned, italicized headings Centered, bold face headings Centered, italicized headings Left-aligned, underlined headings First of all, you should use the first level headings. For example, if you have some classification of several levels, you should use the first level headlines for the first one, the second level headlines for the second one and so on. Pay attention: these are the general requirements of writing a research paper MLA but you should also consult your tutor concerning the format of your paper.

Fast food Strike Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fast food Strike - Assignment Example On the other hand, increasing the minimum wages may spur productivity since companies that pay higher wages experience low employee turnover due to the efficiency wages. Furthermore, some jobs cannot be automated (McArdle, para 4). It is possible to raise the minimum wages without much disemployment effect, but doubling or raising by 50 percent to $ 10.50 an hour The article asserts that the timing of the minimum wage increases is important since the labor market is currently weak, inflation is low and McDonalds’ customers are price-sensitive thus any increase in wages will lead to increase in the products thus leading to a decline in sales. The article identifies that a big hike in minimum wages will affect the overall payroll of the industry since a hike to $ 10.50 represents a 44 percent increase from the current federal minimum wage of $ 7.50 an hour. A 100 percent hike in wages will translate to about 25 percent for the affected businesses since other employees in senior positions will also demand wage increases. Furthermore, very few fast-food franchises have profit margins of about 25 percent due to high competition in the industry and value-conscious consumers thus it is impossible to absorb the huge hikes in labor cost (McArdle, para 6). The article assert that current studies on minimum wage are short-term, since restaurants have a higher fixed investment component comprising of equipments thus higher labor costs may limit the opening of new restaurants in the future. The author is of the idea that efficiency wage concept is misunderstood since higher employee retention and output is influenced by the wage differentials in the industry, respect for employees and labor market competition. The author finally clarifies that lower wages may not necessary lead to increase in economic productivity since compensation rates outpaced productivity in mid-20th century, and the productivity levels have been increasing to

No topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

No topic - Assignment Example t from the questions based only on ‘yes/no’ there would be questions asking for the personal view of employees in regard to a series of critical issues, such as the level of equality in the workplace, the fairness in compensation and so on (Macey et al. 2011); through such information, that could not be retrieved through other performance measurement tool, managers could have a clear view in regard to employee satisfaction and could suggest effective measures for improving retention. In order to be prepared for survey feedback meetings with managers OD practitioners should proceed to the following actions: a) they need to analyze the data gathered so that key findings are identified and appropriately evaluated; b) then, OD practitioners should search for plans for addressing existing organizational problems, as revealed through the survey feedback; c) OD practitioners should also decide on changes that would be required in regard to one or more organizational departments; the changes would be decided depending on the performance of each organizational department, the organizational objectives and the resources available (Sengupta et al. 2006). In Hallmark there is a series of seasonal components, as for example: a) Specific products are available for Holidays, such as: for Valentine’s Day, for the Passover, for Easter and so on, b) there are products related to Occasions, such as Wedding or Birthday; c) depending on the Recipient, products have been introduced for men, for women and for kids, d) there are products that reflect a specific psychological status/ feeling, such as Sympathy or Wishes for rapid recovery (Hallmark, Organizational

Human and Animal Interrelationships from Domestication to Present Term Paper - 5

Human and Animal Interrelationships from Domestication to Present - Term Paper Example ef that many individuals have that animals cannot be considered as sentient beings; therefore, extending any form of rights or the expectation thereof, is tantamount to extending rights to an unconscious object. Ultimately, the debate is somewhat circular due to the fact that neither animal rights activists nor their counterparts who advocate a reduction in animal rights rules and practice can definitively prove that consciousness exists within animals and therefore is worthy of a level of respect. With respect to this brief analysis, the author will propose an opposing viewpoint with regards to the inherent belief that animals should engender further rights and protections under law. Whereas it should not be noted that this analysis will take a contrary in view of the fact that animals are important, should be respected, and preserved for future generations, it will be the express intent of this author to engage the reader with an understanding for the fact that many of the fundamen tal arguments that animal rights activists put forward as evidence for why further animal rights should be manifested within the current world are fundamentally flawed. Firstly, it must be understood that humans are most certainly the most evolved creatures that exist on earth. By means of the process of evolution, humans have a degree of power and control with regards to their environment. For many years, individuals of a religious persuasion believed that God had given mankind â€Å"dominion† over the earth. However, whether or not one believes in evolution or whether or not one believes in intelligent design is not the issue; rather, the issue is the fact that the overall intellects and functional capacity of humans necessarily places them in a situation that they are able to make a discerning judgments and determine value based upon the needs and rights of the environment around them. Said one author, â€Å"There are a lot of people in the animal rights movement who can be very

Rituals And Beliefs In Venezuela

Rituals And Beliefs In Venezuela In Venezuela and around the world has had been developed endless medical specialties, psychological, science and technology very rapidly, in the same way and nearly at the same speed, also, has emerged a large number of beliefs, myths, religions that each day rises with a booming effect. In fact, in the XXI century these religions, beliefs and superstitious practices, such as witchcraft, they manifest themselves with a large number of followers and/or curious people that are consulted with the idea that the shaman, medium or wizard help them to solve their problems, whether physical, mental, economic or any other nature. Some people queried for evil or revenge from others who according to them are the responsible to the origin of the conflict, and then there are those still without ever having attended a witchcraft ritual or religion and they are usually followers of Christianity or Catholicism, those people express to believe or to be under the effects of a work of magic and / or sorcery, or have a firm belief that witchcraft is real and something to be fear of. We often hear from these people phrases like I dont believe in witches, but if there are, there are, or with the Saints do not play (referring to Santeria which is a syncretic cult of witchcraft). Santeria: A religion that combines beliefs of the Yoruba and Bantu people of Southern Nigeria, Senegal, and the Guinea coast with elements of Roman Catholicism, with roots in the Caribbean. Donnelly (2005:65) explains how in this century Venezuelans increasingly break with a series of taboos imposed from the Spanish conquest about customs and religion, which opens a new door to the practice of rituals, spiritualism and occultism, being a heritage of ancestors, natives and slaves of the past. This cultural legacy, talking about occultism, rites and religions intermingle to combine religion, magic, occultism, between the sacred and pagan, between the rational and irrational, is to give a deeper meaning to life or tangible and its problems, is to looking for a closer God and not abstract or distant one. (Marin,1986:27). Because many of the religious practices and beliefs are transmitted by oral tradition, such as Santeria, they have not established a clear basis; in fact many of these religions and pseudo religions are characterized by a complex process of syncretism that even today continues. According Gruson (1970:34), the most popular religion is Catholicism, where 80 percent of the population consider themselves Catholic, whether or not they are participants. The faithful believe in God, but he is far from this world, the rites are directed towards the saints, the Virgin and the Souls who are closer to the humans. Religion provides the afflicted people the solution of many problems, including physical and mental health; also it has recreational purposes (dances, parties), psychological (ego gratification, when a person has an important position in the ritual organization), social (cronyism) and medicinal (miracle cures). Popular religions believe in nature spirits and other supernatural entities, ghosts and miraculous goblins, this is considered Catholic and does not cause damage to the basic structure of religion. Private rites are secrets, they are done in time of crisis, performed with a single purpose, but the intention is to alleviate the problem of the client or do evil, while the public rites are rather linked to official Catholicism. A mixture between paganism and sacred characterizes popular Catholicism. The rituals and symbols of Catholicism often have a different meaning for members of the educated classes than lower class or humble peasants. Catholics go to church, but also they practice rites of Santerà ­a at spiritualist centres, at the same time they may visit the graves of folk saints, spiritual healers or get a consultation via Internet. Even in most TV channels is possible to watch programs of cartomancy, tarot, among others, with a considerable rating, over 7%. (IBOPE AGB Venezuela, 2010). For example, baptism is considered a rite that protects the newborn against all evil influences; the cross for example, contains powers to ward off evil spirits. Although the Christianization of the Indians and black slaves during the colonial era, many concepts and oldest religious practices were preserved, which could flourish outside of official Christianity, all this is embedded so strong on this culture, that some medical professionals recommend the use of spell against the evil eye and shingles (sufferings of religious connotation) (Molina,1947:90-110). There is no evidence of serious or reflective studies regarding the present topic, but it is interesting to note that religious and pagan is widespread in this country, rituals of witchcraft, sorcery, popular religiosity and Catholic beliefs has been mixed together; among the most common are Nigerian Santeria or traditional and Cuban santeria (Martin, 1983:74). The practice of psychotherapy in Venezuela is new, there are very few professionals in the country and it is not specifically regulated by any entity, except the Venezuelan Association of Psychotherapist (AVEPSI), located in the capital city Caracas and formed in 2009. The practice of this specialty in Venezuela is highly welcomed by the general public, but a continuous education and feedback from the therapist towards the client and vice versa, in areas such as clinical hypnosis, beliefs in the supernatural, myths and rituals are necessary. The therapist may face a diversity of situations, similar to those faced Carl Jung and referred in his thesis On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena (1902) in which he describes a young woman apparently suffering supernatural attacks. According to the previous explanation, surges a need to do a study that lead to answer the following question: Does beliefs; religious or esoteric practices of Venezuelans influence the psychotherapeutic practice in Venezuela? From the above question arise the following objectives: General objective Describe the influence of religions, beliefs, magic and witchcraft in the practice of psychotherapy in Venezuela SPECIFIC OBJETIVES Identify religious beliefs, magic or witchcraft on patients attending psychotherapeutic consultation. Estimate approximately the practice of religious rituals, magic or witchcraft in clients attending to psychotherapeutic consultation. Recognize the efficiency of Psychotherapy Techniques in the treatment of clients with religious tendencies or witchcraft practitioners. CHAPTER I Theoretical Framework Rites and Beliefs in Venezuela Some scholars take the practice of witchcraft in Venezuela as somewhat folkloric (Cazabone, 2009:89) unlike other countries where some rites have diabolical connotations with animal sacrifices involved. This folkloric aspect is closely linked with the Venezuelan humorous character, who in general do not take very seriously the powers of magic; the just in case, or I dont believe in witches, but if there are, there are, gives a sense of belief in certain aspects in the occult. Branch (in Zalazar et al, 2001:67) concluded that this Venezuelan way of be is a historic stereotype, derivative from miscegenation and the character of the participants on it, highlighting the ingenuity of indigenous, the hard labour of black workers and the conquerors arrogance. These archetypes explains Branch, play an important role to explaining the Venezuelan people characteristics , concluding that the Venezuelan broadly is cheerful and humorous by its black and Spanish heritage, smart for his Spanish and Indian roots, loving and generous the Indian heredity, but by the other hand, the negative side, lazy by the Indian essence, disorganized and wasteful by their black ancestry, disrespectful to the law and violent by the Spanish origin, nevertheless none of these influences have or are backed by scientific evidence, are simply social images that continue to be relevant (Zalazar et al, 2001:89). Moreover, beliefs and magic-religious practices are a privileged means to express realities, conflicts, emotions and hidden feelings, taking place beyond the ability to be rational. Christian (2009:30-45) explains that a great number of people light candles to different deities (Black First, Philip Black, Guaicaipuro, Maria Lionza, etc.) In order they may grant miracles or favours. This use of gadgets is a psychological strategy, Figueroa (2005:82) explains that humans use to control their lives and overcome their limitations in an environment that sometimes exceeds his capacity for understanding and action. Moreover, the use of talismans and / or amulets or just called vulture seed, the aloe plant are used in rituals and cults as a means of protection or lucky charms. Cabazone (2009:97) describes that the leader and ex-president Romulo Betancourt said with an air of certainty that his pipe was put under spell by a witch, and many believed that this was the key to its success. Magic and all its techniques is one of these resources and sometimes this faith on a ritual or belief generates spectacular solutions. Figueroa (2005:89) suggest, that the use of talismans and amulets dates from the ancient times and worldwide great men, politicians, artists, soldiers, athletes, etc., have behaved and carry symbols of good luck, giving high regard to the power of positive suggestion, so have been able to accomplish their purposes. The psychological effect makes believers to have faith on the amulet, rite, or talisman. The role of religion in Venezuelan culture and beliefs As discussed, the cultural background and miscegenation have been influential in Venezuelan culture, even on the whole Latin America despite an apparent secularization. Notably, worldwide, all cultures of the world were shaped by religion, no one ethnic group escapes this process and on the same area, magical religious traditions and customs have influenced significantly in social relationships, community life and moral codes, this faith in supernatural beings is evident not only in Venezuela but throughout the world (Pollak-Eltz, 2004:69). In Venezuela and throughout Latin America, Catholicism, shaped the culture that until recently had absolute monopoly; all social classes were influenced. Today the official and popular religions are expressions of different types of lifestyles, on the one hand, traditional or popular religiosity has curative and magical and is generally practiced by popular sectors and secondly official Roman Catholicism practiced by people in urban areas. In this sense, the proliferation of rites and beliefs and personal interpretations of followers and practitioners and the lack of a defined priestly liturgy make these practices and cults an easy target of charlatans and abusers. Among the most popular cults is that of Maria Lionza, in which the medium is possessed he or she fall in trance (matter) and them the spirit that possesses the person is consulted and this gives advice to the person seeking help. The cult of Maria Lionza is complex and covers all magical and religious beliefs of Venezuelan people and forms a synthesis of magical practices, within a religious context. (Pollak-Eltz, 2004:82). Can be said that this is a syncretic cult with practical solutions through rituals that recognize the values of Christianity, in fact, Maria Lionza is sometimes identified with the Virgin of Coromoto and/or an indigenous spirit. Magic is present on this cult and its techniques are neither good nor bad, but can be used for do good or evil. Wizards pretend to manipulate those forces and claim to possess supernatural and extraordinary powers to communicate with the supernatural world (matter). Pollak-Eltz (2004:83) states that Faith is the cause of miracles. Because these techniques can be learnt, the magician is not responsible for acts performed; he or she is an officer to whom the client pays their services. This magician or medium often has the knowledge to solve problems and cure diseases, and is an excellent psychologist despite his limited formal education. According Pollak-Eltz (2004:106) or pagan religion of witchcraft was faded from the countryside to the cities. This culture is broadly Christian and despite advances in technology and medicine is popular religiosity more alive than ever, and thats because the popular religion is utilitarian, giving spiritual support and serves as a psychological calming in times of personal crisis. Saignes (in Pollak-Eltz 2004:65), states that Historically, whites and slaves used to consult black healers that often had more success than white surgeons in healing the sick. Their knowledge on medicinal plants and magical rites brought a increased the prestige of the African medicine-men. This figure of the magician or sorcerer could be seen as the representation of an idol, which has the privilege to channel and guide the prosperity or misfortune at will of others. This is reflected according to Rojas (2006:30), in the particular character of Venezuelan people when they worship a person or religious figure on which can be trusted and surrender. Popular Religion The misfortunes and influence that the church had in the 19th and 20th has no relevance in how Venezuelans built his ideas about faith and deities. Since colonial times, this unique blend between religion and popular religion came framed on a profound mystery of the supernatural and esoteric (Gackstetter et al, 2010:45). There is a term called The three powers, has nothing to do with the Catholic Trinity. Maria Lionza is symbolized as the Virgin Mary, these represent the three main components of the country identity, in other words, European, African and indigenous. On this court of spirits enters Simon Bolivar (liberator of Venezuela from Spanish rule) Andrà ©s Bello, Negro Felipe (First Black, a black slave who was also murdered by the colonists), Negra Matea (Bolà ­vars nanny), Jose Gregorio Hernandez and other Catholic saints. The cult of Maria Lionza is not a religion guided or hierarchical; the shaman or mediums simply ask questions to the believers about their families, problems, disputes, financial problems, or medical problems. Sometimes people who seek help and have a relative in jail, seek help from Juan Vicente Gomez, those political questions do through Simon Bolivar. Believers generally have a high intensity of spiritual devotion, and made a pilgrimage to Sorte Mountain (near Chivacoa in Yaracuy State) with the belief that the goddess will solve the situation or mishap. Believers choose a corner in the woods or a bend in the river to build an altar from which invoke, this is called portals. Usually is decorated with photographs, figures and figurines, glasses with rum or brandy, cigars, cigarettes cross, flowers and fruits. There are several versions of this legend. One of them says that a green-eye Indian woman called Yara was baptized as Maria del Prado of Talavera de Niva. The Cacique Yaracuy sent her to the mountains where it is said she rode on an ounce (leopardus pardali). So Mary was called the Onza and then Maria Lionza. It is believed that her cult was born of devotion to the forces of nature and the spirits of the rivers, jungles and caves. Maria Lionza is part of a trinity along with Guaicaipuro, an Indian chief murdered by the Spanish colonists, and Negro Felipe. These three saints are the leading figures of the cult and lead several courts of lesser deities. These courts are: The Indian Court led by Marà ­a Lionza and composed of many Venezuelan Indian chiefs. The Medical Court led by Josà © Gregorio Hernà ¡ndez and composed of many other famous doctors. The Court of the Juans made up by a number of figures belonging to Venezuelan folklore. The Teachers Court led by Andrà ©s Bello and some other authors. The Black and African Court, led by popular black figures of Venezuelan history such as La Negra Matea (who was a slave to the Bolivars and nanny of Simà ³n Bolà ­var), and El Negro Primero (Pedro Camejo) who was known as Negro Primero because he was black and also among the first to go into combat. The Celestial Court composed of a number of Catholic saints. The Political Court, which includes Simà ³n Bolà ­var. The Court of Malandros, made up of deceased criminals. The Viking Court, with various of the important Viking chiefs. Maria Lionza has had a great social and cultural significance that transcends their followers. Her cult was unveiled outside Yaracuy to the 50s of last century, when in 1953 during the tenure of General Marcos Pà ©rez Jimà ©nez, the sculptor Alexander Hill (1901-1953) built the famous sculpture of Maria Lionza on a Tapir, (Tapirus terrestris), which has been for over 50 years on the Eastern Freeway in Caracas. On this cult nothing is written, is transmitted orally from generation to generation (cited in http://www.rnw.nl/espanol/video/cultos-populares-venezuela-adoraci%C3%B3n-de-mar%C3%ADa-lionza., 2021). Most relevant Churches and cults in Venezuela Among religious organizations and cults largest in the country are: (source: Directorate of Religious Affairs of the Ministry of Justice in Venezuela,1989). 1. Protestant or Evangelical: After the Diet of Speyer* or Diet of Spires protest in 1529, there was no intention of proselytizing in Latin America, neither to the evangelizing mission. The main interest was focused only on the Reformation, which resulted that Protestantism could not take root in Latin America until the mid-nineteenth century with little success. However, over the years the indicators have changed, even the statistics of late twentieth century are really growing not only in terms of evangelical denominations but also on other spiritualistic denominations. They are grouped into the following: a. Anglicanism. b. Presbyterian Church c. Lutheran Church. d. Baptists. e. New Tribes Mission. *Diet of Speyer or Diet of Spires refers to any of the sessions of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire, of which 50 took place between 838 and 1570 in the city of Speyer (Spires), now in Germany. The most famous sessions occurred in 1526 and 1529 (Wikipedia 2011). 2. Confederate Evangelicals: Religious currents coming from the United States and has Christian connotations. 3. The Pentecostals: They represent a rapidly growing movement with unique characteristics. This religious movement is marked by Methodism and the American Baptists. Pentecostals came to Venezuela in 1940, and its founder the Rev. Irvin Olson, an American Baptist who chose Barquisimeto as pilot center to establish the first Assembly of God in Venezuela. Then extend his work to Caracas the capital city and Falcon. 4. Pseudo Christian religion or Millennialists: These religions tend to grow easily. They have in common that their founders made a personal interpretation of the Bible, creating a new dogma around it, which means, to give different meaning to the tradition, followers believe to have the absolute truth (Mangas and Montero, 2001:110). In Venezuela there are three organizations: The Seventh-day Adventist Church (SDA), Jehovahs Witnesses and Mormons, the latter without registration within the Directorate of Justice and Religion. a. Seventh-day Adventists Church. b. Jehovahs Witnesses. c. Mormons. 5. Spiritual Centre: Its the Venezuelan significant inclination toward the esoteric, rituals and astral. It is not based on beliefs but on personal needs. This conciliation between the sacred and the profane has its essence in animism and polytheism primitive Strengthened by the African Christian cult with an apparent institutionalism. The Indians embraced the faith of the Catholic Church, but the survival of their beliefs and their closeness to the African slaves produced that Kind of new beliefs. 5.1. The popular indigenous court: This tendency is associated to aboriginal elements. For example, the Indian man thought on the power of natural phenomena, on the stones, lakes, rivers, and the acquisition of that supernatural power conceived by their gods. These beliefs were transmitted to subsequent generations and were fed by transcultural elements including Santeria and Spiritualism. There is no hierarchy that identifies these elements on the contemporary society. What for the Indian was a deity for the healer now is a means of economic livelihood and it is seen as a company with excellent clientele. 5.2. Spiritualists: Along with santeria, this is one of the most advanced forms of mysterious beliefs based mostly on spiritualism of Allan Kardec, French teacher and educator. He is known today as the systematizer of Spiritism for which he laid the foundation with the five books of the Spiritist Codification. It is believed that Spiritism entered to our country under the influence of immigrants from Brazil and Colombia, product of oil fever. There is no hierarchy around which are organized. The chief head leads the worship and is invoking otherworldly beings, becoming the medium and are called to perform miracles, healings, among others of its kind. 5.3. Santeria: This form of religion is more complex than others. There is a mix of indigenous elements with spiritualist elements, African and Christian origining a semi-organized hybrid. This religion takes the structure of an ancient African tribal religion of the coast of Nigeria, and has three priestly orders: the babalaos, the Orishas ministers and priests of a particular deity. African slaves brought this religion and their main centres are in Brazil, Cuba, and Haiti, subsequently gaining followers in Colombia and Venezuela (Gonzalez-Wippler, 1989:45). The Santeria in Venezuela have made an even greater mixture, they have found an equivalence between the African gods with Catholic saints, so, for example, Chango (god of lightning and thunder) has its equivalent on Santa Barbara, Oshun (river goddess) at Nuestra Seà ±ora de la Caridad del Cobre (Our Lady of Charity of Copper) and so on, giving a deity character to popular saints like Jose Gregorio Hernandez, Maria Lionza, Negro Felipe, among many others. To the priests formation a kind of tutor is assigned, who is responsible to teach the apprentice all mysteries and then a new priest is ordained. They prepare their ceremonies at sites near rivers or on a mountain as located at Sorte, Yaracuy. Once ordained, the priest is ready to heal, and to remove evils spirits, that acording to them are the ones who tie the individual. Constants pilgrimages are made from inside the country to Sorte Mountain. There are transport companies that offer their services to the mountain, plus a large number of ordained priests, commonly called doctors or sorcerers, who organize these trips from their centres. It will be noted that trade (merchandising) around these cults is prosperous (consultations, travel, esoteric products, candles, text, perfumes, etc). 5.4. The cult of Maria Lionza: The cult of Maria Lionza comes to represent the formation of a Venezuelan indigenous religion with elements of other cultures, in which prevails the origing of the worship of a deity indigenous enriched with Africans religious culture and spiritualism. 6. Sects 6.1. The Moonies: The name usually are due to its founder Sun Myung Moon, born in North Korea in 1920. The organization has the official name of Association for the Unification of World Christianity (AUCM) and aims to create a society based on the seeding of spiritual values and on the driving of the family towards real peace. 6.2. Scientology: Its founder is the American Lafayette Ron Hubbard (1911-1986), a specialist in 25 professions in which stand out those of the writer of science fiction (65millones of copies sold of the book The Way to Happiness and screenwriter) . The church is considered a company in all aspects. They have a very distinct structure. Its principles are based on the Dianetics which consists of the individual healing itself freeing the enslaved spirit. The procedure to achieve this end is by attending sessions called audition where the individual is subjected to purification by employing a tool called electropsychometer device that detects areas of spiritual distress. This method is progressive. The initiate discards their old beliefs and acquires new rules that he/she must comply according with the amount of promotions obtained. 6.3. Eastern Syncretism: Unlike the animadversion generated in Venezuela during a good part of twentieth century the sects, today are accepted and a significant number of Venezuelans profess parallel and simultaneously in their religion some of these beliefs. It is common to hear things like this: I am a Catholic but I received the tao or I am a Catholic but I like going to the talks of Buddhist metaphysics. All this is due to the openness of the Eastern sects who reconciled Christianity with their religious precepts and the openness of Venezuelan society to allow several beliefs coexist with both. The use of ritual in psychotherapy as a tool for change The use of rituals is an effective tool in some patients on the practice of psychotherapy in Venezuela and is often the only way to convince the patient that his mind can be healed, free from beings, spirits, influences, or spells that threatening the physical and mental health of the person. The ritual was always an issue discussed by anthropologists who have described the customs and rituals of peoples and communities. Its therapeutic efficacy for change has been described by many clinicians in systemic literature (Ochoa de Alda, 1995:89). Notably rituals are not heritage of therapists, but procedures of the peoples, families and cultures. An important point is that, in practice as therapists, it should take into account the importance of these phenomena on individuals and families who participate in these traditions (and any other), and knowing these procedures, that are made spontaneously it may arise new ideas for generating alternatives that can be used on a therapeutic context, in order to try to encourage changes that help to get a more adaptive performance, not symptomatic, of families and individuals who, because of their suffering, come to seek therapy. In addition, and of course, as an element well worked, can provide substantial information, especially relational. In psychotherapy is considered that a ritual includes a set of actions and / or symbolic interactions more or less structured, they are not restricted only to the completion ceremony, but include the entire process of preparation, the implementation experience and reintegration back to everyday life (Rappaport, 1971:12). A ritual must be composed of the following elements: symbols, open and closed parts and the need to be developed in a space and in a special time (Whiting, 1991:56). The symbols or symbolic actions are the minimum element would constitute a ritual. The link to the meaning of the symbol that appears is usually a personal construction, family or social. Besides rituals symbols consist of open parts and closed parts together. The enclosed parts are the parts of unchanging ritual common to all performing the ritual, these parts provide the minimum structure rigid enough to reassure strong emotional components, transmit important values and give concrete form to the shares. Instead open parts provide sufficient flexibility for each of the participants in the ritual hand contribution to personal and idiosyncratic experience. In the rituals with an important cultural root is usually prescribed by tradition the place and time that will be the realization of the ceremony. The symbols or symbolic actions are the minimum element that would constitute a ritual. The link of the symbol regarding to the meaning that appears is usually a personal construction, family or social. Besides symbols, the rituals consist of open parts and closed parts that are joined. The closed parts are the parts of unchanging ritual common to everyone who is performing the ritual, these rigid parts provide the minimum structure enough to bring security against strong emotional components, transmit important values and give concrete form to the actions. Instead open parts provide sufficient flexibility for each of the participants in the ritual and the possibility that each one can make his/her contribution according their personal and idiosyncratic experience. The rituals, which have an important cultural root, are usually performed following the tradition, on the place and time specific to the achievement of the ceremony. Type of rituals Rites of passage or transition rituals: described in 1909 by A. Van Gennep. These rituals are performed in the transitions experienced by individuals and groups throughout the life cycle, marking the end of a stage of development and the beginning of a new one. Van Gennep after studying various cultures argues the universality of such rituals. Continuation: rites of intensification. Unlike the transition rituals that are usually performed only once in life of every individual, continuity rituals are executed repeatedly, their purpose is to set the pace of life and maintain continuity, normality within each stage of life cycle. Healing rituals: This would include the rituals performed to cure, heal and keep out certain diseases. Therapeutic Rituals: This includes rituals developed by therapists and used in psychotherapeutic practice, nevertheless psychotherapy may be considered in some cases as a ritual. Haley (1973) considered the treatment that is carried out to treat certain problems and that arise in adolescence (psychosis, behavioural disorders, anorexia) is like an initiation ritual, through which it promotes individuality and necessary emancipation required from the young, as a way to restore him or her to a normal life cycle. Functions of rituals: Ochoa De Alda (1995:56) explains that the main functions that meet the rituals described in the life of societies, peoples, families and individuals are: Rituals make life predictable, providing a sense of belonging to the group that affects the sense of identity of individuals that form it. Rituals, does order and regulate the social functioning, confirming the social structure, while promoting an evolution in this with minimal conflicts. Another primary function is the transmission of culture, values and lasting norms. By one hand, it does create a sense of solidarity, cohesion and continuity in groups, and on the other hand, contribute significantly to the creation of the belief systems of a group (Van der Hart, Voogt and Witzum, 1989:56). The traditional rituals not only channelled social coordination between individuals, families, communities and villages in the here and now, but also between the past, present and future represented by the different generations (Davis, 1987:67). The rituals of transition, allow passing from one stage to other on the life cycle. Its first element of action does that roles, relationships, and world standards are modified during their execution (Davis, 1987:78). Admitting that any transition is to a greater or lesser extent an imbalance, ritual ceremonies

Catch 22 :: essays research papers

America has been involved in the cold war for years. The fear of communism is ruining lives. The country moves closer and closer to the Korean war. Joseph Heller’s Catch 22 is published. 1963- College students are seen wearing army fatigues with "Yossarian" name tags. Reports are being made about a "Heller Cult". Bumper stickers are manufactured which read, "Better Yossarian then Rotarian". The phrase "Catch 22" has surfaced meaning a "no win situation" it is now an excepted word in the English dictionary. Such a dramatic change in opinion from the earlier, Pro-war society, it is obvious that Catch 22 had some impact on the anti-war movement of the 1960’s-1970’s. Not to say the book was the one reason the movement started, It was certainly a catalyst. A protest novel, Heller’s story portrays the absurdity of bureaucracy, the stupidity of war, and the power they both have to crush the human spirit. Heller us es a war zone setting, to satirise society at large. He compares the commanding officers to Incompetent businessmen. "Don’t mumble, and mumble "sir" when you do, and don’t interrupt, and say "sir" when you do." Desiring promotion over every thing else, Colonel Cathcart keeps raising the number of missions the men of his squadron must fly. Even though the army says they need fly only forty, a bureaucratic trap called "Catch 22" says they can’t go home at forty because they must obey their commanding officers. Much like the work place, the men are forced to go through endless amounts of red tape, which hardly gets them anywhere. Yossarian tries to pretend he is crazy to get out of fighting. He signs "Washington Irving" on letters he censors, and walks around naked for a couple of days. If someone is crazy he needs only ask and he can be dismissed from duty. Yet, one would be crazy to fly, and only a sane person wou ld ask to stop, Yossarian is therefore not crazy and is ordered to continue flying his missions. Heller also demonstrates the effect war has on one’s mind. All of the pilot’s are coping (except Yossarian) with the war in different ways†¦The daredevil pilot, McWatt, loves to buzz his friend Yossarian’s tent. Mess officer Milo Minderbender turns his job into an international black-market food syndicate. Lead Bombardier Havermeyer Zeros in on target’s, no matter how much anti-aircraft peppers his plane.

Marcus Garvey Research Paper Essay

Post-Civil war America exercised the segregation of Whites and Blacks. Originally, the aim of this division was to keep everything separate but equal. By the late 1800’s into the 1900’s, the â€Å"separate but equal† motive adapted into the superiority of Whites, leaving much racial tension and limitation for the freed slaves and their ancestors. Marcus Garvey, like many social activists, had many goals to either remove this separation, or to completely relocate America’s blacks to a new place of their own. Marcus Garvey’s ideas of black nationalism and fighting oppression helped shape the identity of African Americans in the United States during the 1920’s. Marcus Garvey was born on August 17, 1887 in St. Ann’s Bay, Jamaica. He began his career as a magazine editor by traveling and residing in Costa Rica, Panama, Jamaica, and London. He eventually began studying Law and Philosophy at Birkbeck College in London. While living in London, he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA), which was dedicated to black racial pride, economic self-sufficiency, and the formation of an independent black nation in Africa. He also became the editor of Negro World, a magazine dedicated to black nationalism, including poetry and articles about African pride and ancestry. In June 1919, Garvey founded the Black Star Line of Delaware, a shipping line for the transportation of goods and to later aid his campaign for his â€Å"Back to Africa† movement. After a year of success, the shipping line went bankrupt. His immediate business failure led him to being accused of mail fraud. Investigator Edwin P. Kilroe attempted to arrest Garvey of his fraud and UNIA associations, although he had not found enough evidence to do so. After back and forth tension between Kilroe and Garvey, on October 1919 a man named George Tyler arrived to Garvey’s office stating â€Å"Kilroe sent me†. Tyler then proceeded to shoot him 4 times with a . 38-caliber revolver. Garvey was then wounded in the right leg and scalp. On August 1, 1920, Garvey proposed his Liberia Program to 25,000 people. This program was to strive for the building of colleges, industry, and railroads to create a permanent homeland for the African Americans in Liberia, Africa. In June 1923, Garvey was finally convicted of mail fraud and sentenced to five years in prison. In 1927 he was released by President Coolige, but deported back to Jamaica. Garvey finished out his years in London, creating the Edelweiss Amusement Company which helped exposed talented but financially unstable musicians and artists. He continued to expose his ideas to future UNIA leaders by setting up an African philosophy school in Toronto. In 1940, Garvey had a stroke, but survived until he read a false obituary of himself stating he had died â€Å"broke, alone, and unpopular†, thus leading to his fatal second stroke. Marcus Garvey died on June 10, 1940. Garvey’s main ideas were closely distinguished with the Pan-African movement in England, where he lived most of his life. His goals were â€Å"to unify people of color against imperialism all over the world† (McKissack 79) Works Cited McKissack, Patricia and Frederick. W. E. B Dubois. New York: Franklin Watt, 1990. â€Å"Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)†. Encyclop? dia Britannica. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online. Encyclop? dia Britannica Inc. , 2013. Web. 14 Apr. 2013 .